README

PHP 5.x polyfill for random_bytes() and random_int() created and maintained by Paragon Initiative Enterprises.

Although this library should function in earlier versions of PHP, we will only consider issues relevant to supported PHP versions. If you are using an unsupported version of PHP, please upgrade as soon as possible.

Important

Although this library has been examined by some security experts in the PHP community, there will always be a chance that we overlooked something. Please ask your favorite trusted hackers to hammer it for implementation errors and bugs before even thinking about deploying it in production.

Do not use the master branch, use a stable release.

For the background of this library, please refer to our blog post on Generating Random Integers and Strings in PHP.

Usability Notice

If PHP cannot safely generate random data, this library will throw an Exception. It will never fall back to insecure random data. If this keeps happening, upgrade to a newer version of PHP immediately.

Installing

With Composer:

# For libraries and frameworks that support PHP 5 but may be used by
# other software that only supports PHP 7:
composer require paragonie/random_compat:\>=2

# For software that explicitly needs PHP 5 support:
composer require paragonie/random_compat:\<9.99

Signed PHP Archive:

As of version 1.2.0, we also ship an ECDSA-signed PHP Archive with each stable release on Github.

1. Download the .phar, .phar.pubkey, and .phar.pubkey.asc files.
2. (Recommended but not required) Verify the PGP signature of .phar.pubkey (contained within the .asc file) using the PGP public key for Paragon Initiative Enterprises.
3. Extract both .phar and .phar.pubkey files to the same directory.
4. require_once "/path/to/random_compat.phar";
5. When a new version is released, you only need to replace the .phar file; the .pubkey will not change (unless our signing key is ever compromised).

Manual Installation:

1. Download a stable release.
2. Extract the files into your project.
3. require_once "/path/to/random_compat/lib/random.php";

The entrypoint should be lib/random.php directly, not any of the other files in /lib.

Usage

This library exposes the CSPRNG functions added in PHP 7 for use in PHP 5 projects. Their behavior should be identical.

Generate a string of random bytes

try {
    $string = random_bytes(32);
} catch (TypeError $e) {
    // Well, it's an integer, so this IS unexpected.
    die("An unexpected error has occurred"); 
} catch (Error $e) {
    // This is also unexpected because 32 is a reasonable integer.
    die("An unexpected error has occurred");
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // If you get this message, the CSPRNG failed hard.
    die("Could not generate a random string. Is our OS secure?");
}

var_dump(bin2hex($string));
// string(64) "5787c41ae124b3b9363b7825104f8bc8cf27c4c3036573e5f0d4a91ad2eeac6f"

Generate a random integer between two given integers (inclusive)

try {
    $int = random_int(0, 255);
} catch (TypeError $e) {
    // Well, it's an integer, so this IS unexpected.
    die("An unexpected error has occurred"); 
} catch (Error $e) {
    // This is also unexpected because 0 and 255 are both reasonable integers.
    die("An unexpected error has occurred");
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // If you get this message, the CSPRNG failed hard.
    die("Could not generate a random int. Is our OS secure?");
}

var_dump($int);
// int(47)

Exception handling

When handling exceptions and errors you must account for differences between PHP 5 and PHP7.

The differences:

• Catching Error works, so long as it is caught before Exception.
• Catching Exception has different behavior, without previously catching Error.
• There is no portable way to catch all errors/exceptions.

Our recommendation

Always catch Error before Exception.

Example

try {
    return random_int(1, $userInput);
} catch (TypeError $e) {
    // This is okay, so long as `Error` is caught before `Exception`.
    throw new Exception('Please enter a number!');
} catch (Error $e) {
    // This is required, if you do not need to do anything just rethrow.
    throw $e;
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // This is optional and maybe omitted if you do not want to handle errors
    // during generation.
    throw new InternalServerErrorException(
        'Oops, our server is bust and cannot generate any random data.',
        500,
        $e
    );
}

Troubleshooting

Exception: "Could not gather sufficient random data"

If an Exception is thrown, then your operating system is not secure.

1. If you're on Windows, make sure you enable mcrypt.
2. If you're on any other OS, make sure /dev/urandom is readable.
   • FreeBSD jails need to expose /dev/urandom from the host OS
   • If you use open_basedir, make sure /dev/urandom is allowed

This library does not (and will not accept any patches to) fall back to an insecure random number generator.

Version Conflict with [Other PHP Project]

If you're using a project that has a line like this in its composer.json

"require" {
    ...
    "paragonie/random_compat": "~1.1",
    ...
}

...and then you try to add random_compat 2 (or another library that explicitly requires random_compat 2, such as this secure PHP encryption library), you will get a version conflict.

The solution is to get the project to update its requirement string to allow version 2 and above to be used instead of hard-locking users to version 1.

"require" {
    ...
-    "paragonie/random_compat": "~1.1",
+    "paragonie/random_compat": ">=1",
    ...
}

Version 9.99.99

Note: There is a special version called 9.99.99 which makes this library do nothing, but is only installable on PHP 7.

If you're writing software (e.g. a library) that supports PHP 5, but may be used by software that doesn't, you'll want to allow 9.99.99 to be installed. The above diff is what you want.

Conversely, if you're writing software that (in and of itself) supports PHP 5, you do not want 9.99.99 to be installed, so you'll want to make this change instead:

"require" {
    ...
-    "paragonie/random_compat": "~1.1",
+    "paragonie/random_compat": ">=1 <9.99",
    ...
}

To avoid installing "empty" version 9.99.99 you can add replace section in your root composer.json:

"replace": {
    "paragonie/random_compat": "9.99.99"
},

Manifest Read Length Error

If you're using the PHP Archive (Phar) approach rather than Composer, and you are getting an error message to the effect of "manifest read length was {int1} should be {int2}", the Phar extension may not be enabled.

See this comment for specific guidance on how to fix this issue.

Contributors

This project would not be anywhere near as excellent as it is today if it weren't for the contributions of the following individuals:

• @AndrewCarterUK (Andrew Carter)
• @asgrim (James Titcumb)
• @bcremer (Benjamin Cremer)
• @chriscct7 (Chris Christoff)
• @CodesInChaos (Christian Winnerlein)
• @ConnorVG (Connor S. Parks)
• @cs278 (Chris Smith)
• @cweagans (Cameron Eagans)
• @dd32 (Dion Hulse)
• @geggleto (Glenn Eggleton)
• @glensc (Elan Ruusamäe)
• @GrahamCampbell (Graham Campbell)
• @ircmaxell (Anthony Ferrara)
• @jdevalk (Joost de Valk)
• @jedisct1 (Frank Denis)
• @juliangut (Julián Gutiérrez)
• @kelunik (Niklas Keller)
• @lt (Leigh)
• @MasonM (Mason Malone)
• @menkaff (Mehran NikNafs)
• @mmeyer2k (Michael M)
• @narfbg (Andrey Andreev)
• @nicolas-grekas (Nicolas Grekas)
• @ocean90 (Dominik Schilling)
• @oittaa
• @oucil (Kevin Farley)
• @philios33 (Phil Nicholls)
• @redragonx (Stephen Chavez)
• @relaxnow (Boy Baukema)
• @rchouinard (Ryan Chouinard)
• @rugk
• @SammyK (Sammy Kaye Powers)
• @scottchiefbaker (Scott Baker)
• @skyosev (Stoyan Kyosev)
• @sthen (Stuart Henderseon)
• @stof (Christophe Coevoet)
• @teohhanhui (Teoh Han Hui)
• @tom-- (Tom Worster)
• @tsyr2ko
• @trowski (Aaron Piotrowski)
• @twistor (Chris Lepannen)
• @vinkla (Vincent Klaiber)
• @voku (Lars Moelleken)
• @xabbuh (Christian Flothmann)

Support Contracts

If your company uses this library in their products or services, you may be interested in purchasing a support contract from Paragon Initiative Enterprises.